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ADDaCOMMAND ADD YOUR OWN COMMANDS:^ One of the great things about HELP and RESHELP is that you are not limited to the commands supplied on this disk. What you are reading now is included in the file named HELPTEXT. It is an ASCII file that I have included to make it easy to tailor HELP to your needs. I suggest that you add to this list, edit it, personalize it, or do whatever it takes to make it useful for you. You may modify or add to this file by using EDLIN or the word processor of your choice. A few things that you may need to know: Ctrl-E creates yellow text on^ a color monitor or Hi intensity^ white on a monochrome monitor.^ Ctrl-B creates green text on^ a color monitor or Hi intensity^ white on a monochrome monitor.^ Ctrl-N creates BLINKING TEXT.^ Blinking text will be red on a color monitor or hi intensity white on a monochrome monitor. Shift-6 will return text to normal. You will need to work with a 40 character line. Anything over 40 characters will be lost so be careful. After you have added to or modified the HELPTEXT file (or created an entirely new ASCII file using any name that you wish), you will need to run CONVERT to convert HELPTEXT into a file that HELP and RESHELP can use. ANSI.SYS COMMAND NAME:^ ANSI.SYS DESCRIPTION:^ ANSI.SYS is a device driver that allows use of the extended screen and keyboard features. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DEVICE = ANSI.SYS EXAMPLE: DEVICE = ANSI.SYS^ after this command is placed in the CONFIG.SYS file, the extended screen and keyboard drivers will be loaded. NOTE:^ The ANSI.SYS device driver must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and be used in conjunction with the DEVICE = DRIVER command. ASSIGN COMMAND NAME:^ ASSIGN DESCRIPTION:^ Causes a request for one drive to be routed to another drive. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ ASSIGN [x [=] y[...]] Requests for drive 'x' are routed to drive 'y'. EXAMPLE: ASSIGN A=C^ After issuing this command, any requests for drive A: will access drive C:. e.g. DIR A: will list the files on drive C:. ASSIGN entered without parameters will reset any ASSIGNments. ATTRIB COMMAND NAME:^ ATTRIB DESCRIPTION:^ Allows you to manually set the ARCHIVE or READ-ONLY attributes on any file. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ ATTRIB [+R|-R][+A|-A][d:][path] [filename] +R^ sets the file attribute to READ-ONLY. -R^ removes the READ-ONLY file attribute and allows updating of the file. +A^ sets the archive bit. -A^ resets the archive bit. d: path filename^ specifies the file whose attributes will be changed. EXAMPLE: ATTRIB +R HELP.COM^ The above example sets the file 'HELP.COM' to a READ-ONLY status. BACKUP COMMAND NAME:^ BACKUP DESCRIPTION:^ Backs up files from one disk to another. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ BACKUP d:[path][filename] d:[/S][/M][/A][/D:mm-dd-yy] d:\path\filename^ specifies the source drive (the drive that contains the files that you want to back up). The second d:^ specifies the destination drive (the drive to back up the files to). /S^ includes all subdirectories in the backup. /M^ backs up files that have been modified since the last backup. /A^ backs up additional files to a diskette with back up files already on it. Without this option, all files on the backup diskette will be destroyed. /D:mm-dd-yy^ backs up files that have been modified since a specific date. Files created using the BACKUP command must be RESTOREd to be useful. EXAMPLE: BACKUP C:\*.* A:/S^ This example will back up all files (in all subdirectories) on drive C: to drive A:. BREAK COMMAND NAME:^ BREAK DESCRIPTION:^ Enables or disables extended CTRL-BREAK checking. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ BREAK = [ON|OFF] ON and OFF^ are the allowable settings. The default setting is BREAK = OFF. When BREAK = OFF, DOS checks for a CTRL-BREAK only during standard input operations, standard output operations, print operations, and auxiliary operations. EXAMPLE: BREAK = ON^ This example sets the extended BREAK checking to on. When BREAK is on, DOS will respond to CTRL-BREAK at any time. BUFFERS COMMAND NAME:^ BUFFERS DESCRIPTION:^ Sets the number of disk buffers allowed. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ BUFFERS = xx xx^ must be a value from 1 to 99 specifying the number of buffers to be used. The default value is two buffers. For disk intensive applications such as a database, more buffers are recom- mended. Adding more buffers can speed up certain applications. There is a limit, however, if you set the number of buffers over 20 it will begin to slow down applications. EXAMPLE: BUFFERS = 12^ Sets the number of buffers used by the system to 12. NOTE:^ This command must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and is not a normal DOS command. CHDIR COMMAND NAME:^ CHDIR DESCRIPTION:^ Displays or changes the current working directory. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ CHDIR [d:][path] or^ CD [d:][path] d: path^ specifies the new drive and directory that will be made current. If no parameters are used then the current drive and directory are displayed. EXAMPLE: CD \DOS^ Sets the working directory to a directory named DOS if it is available. CHKDSK COMMAND NAME:^ CHKDSK DESCRIPTION:^ Analyzes the files and directories on a disk and displays the total and available disk and RAM memory. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ CHKDSK [d:][path][filename] [/F][/V] d: path filename^ specifies a filename to check. If a filename is specified, CHKDSK will report the number of noncontiguous areas occupied by the file. /F^ corrects errors found in the directory and in the file allocation table, other errors are noted, but not corrected. /V^ displays the paths and filenames on the specified drive. If CHKDSK finds invalid or lost clusters, you will be asked if you want to convert the lost clusters to files. If you used the /F switch and answer yes to the prompt then the lost clusters will be converted to files. These files will be named with the following naming convention: FILExxxx.CHK^ where xxxx^ is a four digit number starting with 0000. EXAMPLE:^ CHKDSK C: /F^ gives a status report of drive C: and fixes any errors found in the directory or the file allocation table. EXAMPLE:^ CHKDSK C:*.*^ gives a status report of drive C: and lists any files that contain non- contiguous areas (files that are spread out around the disk). If you have a large number of non- contiguous areas, it could slow the system speed considerably. Performing a BACKUP and RESTORE of all files will correct this problem. CLS COMMAND NAME:^ CLS DESCRIPTION:^ Clears the display. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ CLS EXAMPLE: CLS^ clears the screen. COMMAND COMMAND NAME:^ COMMAND DESCRIPTION:^ Invokes a secondary command processor. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ COMMAND [d:][path][/P] [/C string][/E: xxxxx] d: path^ is the drive and path that DOS will look in for the COMMAND processor. /P^ makes the secondary command processor permanent in memory. If you use the /P switch you cannot return to the original command processor. /C string^ passes a string (a DOS command) to the command processor and then exits automatically. /E:xxxxx^ is an integer that specifies the size of the environment. The acceptable range of xxxxx is from 160 to 32768. EXAMPLE: COMMAND /C CHKDSK^ loads a secondary command processor, passes the command CHKDSK to DOS, and returns to the original command processor. COMP COMMAND NAME:^ COMP DESCRIPTION:^ Compares the contents of one file (or group of files) to another. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ COMP [d:][path][filename] [d:][path][filename] The first d: path filename^ specifies the first set of files to be compared. The second d: path filename^ specifies the second set of files to be compared. COMP^ compares files byte for byte. Any bytes that do not match are displayed. A typical error message would look like: Compare error at OFFSET 3B^ File 1 = 17^ File 2 = 26^ After 10 errors, COMP will abort. EXAMPLE: COMP A:HELP.* C:^ compares the contents of all files with the filename of HELP and any extension on drive A: to files on drive C: with matching filenames. COPY COMMAND NAME:^ COPY DESCRIPTION:^ Copies a file (or group of files) to the same or another disk. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ COPY [/A][/B][d:][path] filename [/A][/B][d:][path] [filename] [/A][/B][/V] or^ COPY [/A][/B][d:][path] filename [/A][/B][+[d:][path] filename [/A][/B]] [d:][path] [filename] [/A][/B][/V] or^ COPY [/A][/B][d:][path] filename [/A][/B][+[[,,]d:][path]filename [/A][/B]...] [d:][path][filename] [/A][/B][/V] The first d: path filename^ specifies the source file. Using the +^ symbol will cause files to be joined together as they are copied. For example: EXAMPLE: COPY FILE1 + FILE2 FILE3^ will copy the contents of FILE1 and FILE2 into FILE3. The second d: path filename^ specifies the destination file. When /A^ is used with the source filename, it will be copied up to the first end of file marker (Ctrl-Z). The rest of the file will not be copied. When /A^ is used with the destination file, an end of file marker will be added to the end of the file. When /B^ is used with the source filename, the entire file will be copied (including CTRL-Z). When /B^ is used with the destination filename, no end of file marker will be added to the end of the file. /V^ verifies that the data is copied correctly. The +^ symbol will concatenate or combine files as it copies. EXAMPLE: COPY FIRST + SECOND NEWFILE^ This command will copy the contents of the files FIRST and SECOND into the file NEWFILET. WILD CARD CHARACTERS:^ Wild Card characters are allowed within or in place of filenames. There are two wild card characters, ?^ and *^, that may be used with the copy command. The characters ?^ and *^ are very handy for copying groups of files with a single command. Using the ?^ character within a filename indicates that any character can occupy that position in the filename. EXAMPLE: COPY FIR??.DAT B:^ This command will include files such as FIRST.DAT^ FIRMS.DAT^ FIR01.DAT^ Using the *^ character within a filename indicates that any character or group of characters can occupy that position. EXAMPLE: COPY *.DAT B:^ This command will include any file with the extension DAT. The following files would be included. TEST.DAT^ FIRST.DAT^ HELP.DAT^ COUNTRY COMMAND NAME:^ COUNTRY DESCRIPTION:^ Selects the date, time, and currency formats to use for a specific country. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ COUNTRY = xxx xxx^ is a 3 digit code which designates a particular country. The following codes and corresponding countries are listed below. AUSTRALIA 061^ BELGIUM 032^ CANADA/FRENCH 002^ DENMARK 045^ FINLAND 358^ FRANCE 033^ GERMANY 049^ ITALY 039^ ISRAEL 972^ MIDDLE EAST 785^ NETHERLANDS 031^ NORWAY 047^ PORTUGAL 351^ SPAIN 034^ SWEDEN 046^ SWITZERLAND 041^ U. KINGDOM 044^ USA 001^ EXAMPLE: COUNTRY = 001^ Sets the COUNTRY code for USA. NOTE:^ This command must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and is not a normal DOS command. CTTY COMMAND NAME:^ CTTY DESCRIPTION:^ Changes the standard input and output device to an auxiliary device, or restores the keyboard and screen as the standard input and output devices. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ CTTY device The available devices are: AUX: ASYNCHRONOUS PORT^ COM1: ASYNCHRONOUS PORT^ COM2: ASYNCHRONOUS PORT^ CON: KEYBOARD INPUT and SCREEN^ OUTPUT^ EXAMPLE: CTTY COM1^ After this command is performed, all standard input and output will be sent to and taken from the primary asynchronous port. DATE COMMAND NAME:^ DATE DESCRIPTION:^ Displays or sets the system date. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DATE [mm-dd-yy] If DATE is entered with no parameters, the current date will be displayed and you will be prompted to enter a new date. If the date is correct, simply press ENTER. If you wish, you may enter the date immediately after DATE in the format mm-dd-yy. mm^ is a two digit month designation. dd^ is a two digit day designation. yy^ is a two digit year designation. EXAMPLE: DATE 03-15-90^ Sets the system date to March 15, 1990. DEL COMMAND NAME:^ DEL DESCRIPTION:^ Deletes a file (or group of files) from a disk. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DEL [d:][path] filename d: path filename^ specifies the file to DELete. EXAMPLE: DEL A:TEST.DAT^ Deletes the file TEST.DAT from drive A: DEVICE COMMAND NAME:^ DEVICE DESCRIPTION:^ Allows MS-DOS to load and utilize a device driver. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DEVICE = [d:][path]filename d: path filename^ specifies the file to use as a device driver. All DEVICE drivers must be included in the CONFIG.SYS file to operate properly. Three DEVICE drivers are standard. ANSI.SYS^ DRIVER.SYS^ VDISK.SYS^ ANSI.SYS^ gives you access to extended keyboard and screen control. The format for installing ANSI.SYS is: DEVICE = ANSI.SYS^ DRIVER.SYS^ allows access of a disk device. The format for installing DRIVER.SYS is: DEVICE=DRIVER.SYS /D:ddd[/T:ttt]^ [/S:ss][/H:hh][/C][/N][/F:f]^ /D:ddd^ specifies the physical drive number. Values of 0 to 255 are accepted. /T:ttt^ specifies the number of tracks per side. Values of 1 to 999 are accepted. /S:ss^ specifies the number of sectors per track. Values of 1 to 99 are accepted. /H:hh^ specifies the maximum number of heads. Values of 1 to 99 are accepted. /C^ specifies that changeline support is required. /N^ specifies that the disk is not removable. /F:f^ specifies the device type. VDISK^ sets up a virtual disk. Virtual disks actually make your computer's memory act like a disk drive. As a result, a virtual disk will be much faster than an actual disk. The format for installing VDISK.SYS is: DEVICE=VDISK.SYS[comment][bbb]^ [comment][sss][comment][ddd][/E[:m]]^ comment^ is a message containing normal text characters. bbb^ is the size of the virtual disk in Kbytes. Values between 1K and the memory available in your machine will be accepted. sss^ is the sector size in bytes. 128, 256, and 512 are the sizes that will be accepted. Smaller sector sizes will utilize space better. Larger sector sizes will improve performance. ddd^ is the number of files that the virtual disk can hold. Values between 2 and 512 are accepted. /E^ will force VDISK to use the extended memory (memory above 1 megabyte). EXAMPLE: DEVICE=VDISK.SYS 200 256 64 ^ sets up a virtual disk with 200K storage space, 256 bytes per sector, and 64 directory entries. NOTE:^ All of these device drivers must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and be used in conjunction with the DEVICE = DRIVER command. These are not commands which are available at the DOS level. DIR COMMAND NAME:^ DIR DESCRIPTION:^ Lists the files in a directory. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DIR [d:][path][filename] [/P][/W] d: path filename^ specifies the drive, path, and filenames to list. /P^ will PAUSE the listing each time a screen full of file names appears. You will be asked to press a key when you are ready to continue. This keeps the files from scrolling by faster than you can read them. /W^ will list the files in a WIDE format. Only the file names will be listed and they will be listed five across. You can fit a much larger directory on the screen this way. EXAMPLE: DIR *.BAS /W^ lists all files on the current disk with the extension .BAS using the WIDE format. WILD CARD CHARACTERS:^ Wild Card characters are allowed within or in place of filenames. There are two wild card characters, ?^ and *^, that may be used with the DIR command. The characters ?^ and *^ are very handy for listing groups of files with a single command. Using the ?^ character within a filename indicates that any character can occupy that position in the filename. EXAMPLE: DIR FIR??.DAT^ This command will list files such as FIRST.DAT^ FIRMS.DAT^ FIR01.DAT^ Using the *^ character within a filename indicates that any character or group of characters can occupy that position. EXAMPLE: DIR *.DAT^ This command will list any file with the extension DAT. The following files would be included. TEST.DAT^ FIRST.DAT^ HELP.DAT^ DISKCOMP COMMAND NAME:^ DISKCOMP DESCRIPTION:^ Compares the contents of one diskette to another. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DISKCOMP [d:[d:]] [/1][/8] d: d:^ are the two disk drives to be compared. /1^ compares the first side of the disk only, even if the disk is double sided. /8^ compares eight sectors per track instead of nine. DISKCOMP will operate on floppy disks only. EXAMPLE: DISKCOMP A: B: /1^ compares the contents of the disk in drive A: (track by track) to the contents of the disk in drive B: using only the first side. DISKCOPY COMMAND NAME:^ DISKCOPY DESCRIPTION:^ Copies the contents of one diskette to another. The destination diskette will automatically be formatted if necessary. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ DISKCOPY [d:[d:]][/1] The first d:^ is the source disk for the DISKCOPY. The second d:^ is the destination disk for the DISKCOPY. /1^ copies only the first side of the disk. If the destination disk has not been formatted, then DISKCOPY will format as it copies. DISKCOPY is performed on floppy disks only. An attempt to use DISKCOPY with a fixed disk will not work. DISKCOPY makes a mirror image copy of a diskette on to another diskette. As a result, any flaws or fragmented files will also be copied over. The COPY or XCOPY commands would work much better under these circumstances. EXAMPLE: DISKCOPY A: B:^ creates a mirror image copy of the disk in drive A: on to the disk in drive B:. DRIVER.SYS COMMAND NAME:^ DRIVER.SYS DESCRIPTION:^ DRIVER.SYS allows access of a disk device. COMMAND TYPE:^ EXTERNAL VERSION: 3.2 and up USE:^ DEVICE=DRIVER.SYS /D:ddd [/T:ttt][/S:ss][/H:hh][/C] [/N][/F:f]^ /D:ddd^ specifies the physical drive number. Values of 0 to 255 are accepted. /T:ttt^ specifies the number of tracks per side. Values of 1 to 999 are accepted. /S:ss^ specifies the number of sectors per track. Values of 1 to 99 are accepted. /H:hh^ specifies the maximum number of heads. Values of 1 to 99 are accepted. /C^ specifies that changeline support is required. /N^ specifies that the disk is not removable. /F:f^ specifies the device type. NOTE:^ The DRIVER.SYS device driver must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and be used in conjunction with the DEVICE = DRIVER command. ECHO COMMAND NAME:^ ECHO DESCRIPTION:^ Enables or disables the screen display of DOS commands during the execution of batch files. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ ECHO [ON|OFF][message] ON | OFF^ turns ECHO on or off. message^ is a text message that will be displayed on the screen. EXAMPLE: ECHO OFF^ After turning ECHO off, any batch file commands encountered by DOS will not be echoed to the screen. EDLIN COMMAND NAME:^ EDLIN DESCRIPTION:^ EDLIN is a line editor. It can be used to create, edit, and display ASCII files. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ EDLIN [d:][path] filename [/B] d: path filename^ specifies the name of the file to create or edit. If the /B^ parameter is not used, EDLIN will stop loading the specified file when the first end of file marker (Ctrl-Z) is encountered. If /B^ is used, the entire file will be loaded. EXAMPLE: EDLIN HELPTEXT^ Opens the file HELPTEXT for editing if it already exists or creates a file if HELPTEXT can't be found. EDLIN will perform a number of editing commands. The commands and formats are summarized below. Many commands will allow you to specify line numbers. You may use the symbol .^ in place of the current line number and #^ in place of the line number of the last line in the buffer. A - APPEND ^loads lines from the disk and places them at the end of the input buffer. USE: ^[n]A [n]^ specifies the number of lines to append to the current file. C - COPY ^copies the contents of a line or range of lines to another location. USE: ^[line],[line],line[,count]C The first two [line]'s^ specify the range of lines to copy. The third [line]^ specifies the line to copy to. [count]^ specifies the number of times that the copy will be performed. D - DELETE ^deletes a line or range of lines. USE: ^[line][,line]D The [line]^ parameters specify the first and last line to delete. EDIT ^calls up a line of text for editing. USE: ^[line] [line]^ specifies the line to edit. E - END ^saves the current file and exits EDLIN. I - INSERT ^inserts lines of text in the current file. USE ^[line] I [line]^ specifies the line number where the insert will begin. L - LIST ^displays a line or range of lines. USE: ^[line][,line] L [line][,line]^ specifies the first and last lines to list. M - MOVE ^moves a line or range of lines to a specified line. USE: ^[line],[line],line M The first two [line]'s^ specify the first and last lines to move. The third occurence of line^ specifies the line number where the text will be moved to. P - PAGE ^allows you to scroll through a file one PAGE (23 lines) at a time. USE: ^[line][,line] P [line][,line]^ specifies the first and last lines to display. Q - QUIT ^exits EDLIN without saving the current file. R - REPLACE ^replaces all occurrences of a specified string with a second string. USE: ^ [line][,line][?] R[string1][^Zstring2] [line] and [,line]^ specify the range of lines to perform the REPLACE on. The optional ?^ will request an O.K.?^ prompt after each replace. string1^ specifies the string to search for and string2^ is the string to replace it with. S - SEARCH ^searches for a specified string. USE: ^[line][,line][?] Sstring [line] and [,line]^ specify the range of lines to perform the SEARCH on. The optional ?^ will request an O.K.?^ prompt after each replace. string^ is the string to search for. T - TRANSFER ^loads the contents of a specified file into the file currently being edited. USE: ^[line] Tfilespec [line]^ specifies the location where the file being TRANSFERred (merged) will be placed. filespec^ is the file to be TRANSFERred. W - WRITE ^writes lines to disk from the file currently being edited. This command is used to free up memory. USE: ^[n] W [n]^ specifies the number of lines to write to disk. ERASE COMMAND NAME:^ ERASE DESCRIPTION:^ Removes a file (or group of files) from a disk. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ ERASE [d:][path] filename d: path filename^ specifies the file to ERASE. EXAMPLE: ERASE A:TEST.DAT^ Deletes the file TEST.DAT from drive A: EXE2BIN COMMAND NAME:^ EXE2BIN DESCRIPTION:^ Converts a file from the .EXE format to .COM or .BIN formats. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ EXE2BIN [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] The first [d:][path]filename^ specifies the name of the input file (.EXE file). The second [d:][path][filename]^ specifies the name of the output file (.COM file). FCBS COMMAND NAME:^ FCBS DESCRIPTION:^ Specifies the number of file control blocks that may be open at one time by DOS. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ FCBS = m,n m^ specifies the number of files that can be opened by file control blocks at one time. Acceptable values are 1 to 255. n^ specifies the number files that DOS cannot automatically close. NOTE:^ This command must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and is not a normal DOS command. FDISK COMMAND NAME:^ FDISK DESCRIPTION:^ Installs a partition on a hard disk drive for MS-DOS and prepares it for formatting. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ FDISK FDISK is a menu driven program. If you have any questions as to what any particular options do, you should refer to your GUIDE TO OPERATIONS. NOTE:^ Be careful with this command because you will probably destroy any data that is on your disk. FILES COMMAND NAME:^ FILES DESCRIPTION:^ Determines the number of files that can be open at any one time. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ FILES = xx xx^ specifies the number of files that can be open at one time. The acceptable values are 8 to 255. EXAMPLE: FILES = 15^ after this command is placed in the CONFIG.SYS file, up to 15 files may be open at one time. NOTE:^ This command must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and is not a normal DOS command. FIND COMMAND NAME:^ FIND DESCRIPTION:^ Searches a file for a specific string of text. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ FIND [/V][/C][/N]"string" [[d:][path]filename...] /V^ displays the lines that don't contain the requested string. /C^ displays the number of lines that contain a match of the requested string. /N^ displays the number of each line that contains a match of the requested string along with the line of text. "string"^ is the string of text to search for. If no parameters are entered, all lines that contain a match of the requested string will be displayed. The string must be an exact match. For example TEST and test will not be a match. d: path filename^ is the file to be searched. You may search for a string through several files using one command by listing them in succession. EXAMPLE:^ FIND "test" file1 file2 ^ would display all lines contained in file1, file2, and so on that contain the string "test". If you need to search for a string containing a double quote, simply use two quotes in succession. In other words, to find "test", you would enter: FIND ""test""^ FOR COMMAND NAME:^ FOR DESCRIPTION:^ Repeats a command for several variables in a batch file. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ FOR %%variable IN(set) DO command %%variable^ represents a variable that will be sequentially set to each value in set^. If the FOR command is used in a batch file, %%variable^ must be used, if the FOR command is used at the DOS level, only one %^ is required. set^ contains the actual values that %%variable^ will represent when the command is executed. Wildcard characters are allowed in set. command^ is the DOS command that will be repeated. EXAMPLE:^ FOR %%g IN(*.TXT) DO TYPE %%g^ when this command is encountered in a batch file, all files with the extension .TXT will be TYPEd (displayed on the screen). FORMAT COMMAND NAME:^ FORMAT DESCRIPTION:^ Initializes a disk or partition, checks for any defective tracks, and prepares the disk to accept DOS files. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ FORMAT [d:][/S][/1][/8][/V][/B] [/4] d:^ is the drive to be formatted. /S^ copies the system files from the source disk to the destination disk and makes the disk bootable. There are three system files: IBMBIO.COM^ IBMDOS.COM^ COMMAND.COM^ /1^ formats a diskette on 1 side only making it a single sided diskette regardless of the drive type used. /8^ formats a disk using 8 sectors per track. To remain compatible with version 1.1 of DOS, this will be required. /V^ will allow you to add a volume label to the diskette being formatted. Volume labels are a way to identify individual diskettes. /B^ formats a diskette using 8 sectors per track and allocates space for system files to be transferred later (using the SYS command). Using the /B option will allow you to install any version of the DOS system files. /4^ formats a double sided diskette in a high capacity drive. EXAMPLE: FORMAT C: /S /V^ FORMATS drive C:, copies the SYSTEM files to drive C:, and prompts the user for a VOLUME LABEL. GOTO COMMAND NAME:^ GOTO DESCRIPTION:^ Transfers control of a batch file to the command after the line containing the appropriate label. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ GOTO :label In a batch file, a label is a word preceded by a colon (:). These lines are ignored when the batch file is executed. EXAMPLE: :START^ DIR^ GOTO START^ will create a never ending loop of directories printed to the screen. Each time GOTO START is encountered, the routine starting at :START is executed. GRAFTABL COMMAND NAME:^ GRAFTABL DESCRIPTION:^ Loads additional foreign language characters into memory. For use with the color graphics adapter. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ GRAFTABL EXAMPLE: GRAFTABL^ loads additional characters into memory allowing them to be used in the graphics mode. GRAPHICS COMMAND NAME:^ GRAPHICS DESCRIPTION:^ The GRAPHICS command will make it possible to dump graphics displays to the printer when the SHIFT and PrtSc keys are pressed. To work properly, the printer must be a compatible printer type. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ GRAPHICS [printer type][/R][/B] printer type^ can be one of five types of printers. COLOR1^ - IBM Color Printer with a black ribbon. COLOR4^ - IBM Color Printer with red, green, blue, and black ribbon. COLOR8^ - IBM Color Printer with cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ribbon. COMPACT^ - IBM Compact printer. GRAPHICS^ - IBM Graphics Printer. /R^ to print black and white on the printer as they are seen on the monitor. If you do not specify /R then black will be printed as white and white will be printed as black. /B^ prints the background color. This switch is only valid on multi-color printers. The default is to not print the background color. In the high resolution modes the image will be printed on the printer sideways. EXAMPLE: GRAPHICS GRAPHICS /R^ will load the drivers necessary to print graphics to the IBM Graphics printer displaying black as black and white as white. NOTE:^ Graphic screen dumps will take longer than text screen dumps. Text screen dumps will still be possible after the GRAPHICS command is executed. HELP COMMAND NAME:^ HELP RESHELP is the memory resident or POP UP version of HELP. RESHELP functions identically to HELP with only a few exceptions. DESCRIPTION:^ Displays information on various commands. USE:^ HELP [COMMAND] [COMMAND]^ is optional. If HELP is entered without a COMMAND, a list of commands will be displayed and you will be able to select one using the cursor keys. If HELP is entered with a COMMAND name, then the list of commands will not be shown, but the HELP information for the command entered will be displayed. EXAMPLE: HELP COPY^ will display information available for the COPY command. While you are in the list of commands, you may use the up and down arrows^ to scroll one COMMAND NAME at a time, the PgUp^ and PgDn^ keys to scroll one screen at a time, and the Home^ and End^ keys to scroll to the first and last COMMAND NAMES. Enter^ will select the COMMAND that is highlighted and ESC^ape will exit the program. While you are in the HELP window, you may use the up and down arrows^ to scroll one line at a time or the PgUp^ and PgDn^ keys to scroll one screen at a time and the Home^ and End^ keys to scroll to the first and last lines. Pressing the ESC^ape key will allow you to exit. Any time that the second window is displayed you may display the COMMAND WINDOW by pressing C. The COMMAND WINDOW provides an easy way to enter the command that you need help with. Just type in the command using the instructions or examples. The HELP information will still scroll up and down while the COMMAND WINDOW is displayed. When using HELP, the command that you enter using the COMMAND WINDOW will be processed immediately. When you use the COMMAND WINDOW with RESHELP, the command that you entered will be sent to the keyboard after you are finished. IF COMMAND NAME:^ IF DESCRIPTION:^ Performs conditional execution of commands. If the condition is met then then the command is executed. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ IF [NOT] condition command If the condition is met then the command will be executed. If the condition is not met then the command will be ignored. If the NOT^ parameter is entered, the command is executed when the condition is false. command^ is the DOS command or program to be executed when the condition is met. condition^ can be one of the following: ERRORLEVEL number^ string1 == string2^ EXIST filename^ ERRORLEVEL number^, where number is the exit code of the previously executed program. The possible ERRORLEVEL numbers^ are: 0 = Normal completion^ 1 = No files found^ 3 = Terminated by CTRL-BREAK or^ ESCAPE^ 4 = Terminated because of error^ The ERRORLEVEL number condition will be true if the last program executed has an exit code equal to or greater than the number specified. string1 == string2^ is true if string1 and string2 are exactly identical. An uppercase character in one string must be uppercase in the other string to be a match. EXIST filename^ is true if the specified file exists. A drive and path may be specified. EXAMPLE: IF EXIST DATA.DOC WRITE^ checks to see if the file DATA.DOC exists. If it does, then the command WRITE.BAT will be executed. If it doesn't, then the command will be ignored. JOIN COMMAND NAME:^ JOIN DESCRIPTION:^ Logically links a disk drive to a directory on another drive. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.1 and up USE:^ JOIN or^ JOIN d: d:\directory or^ JOIN d: /D d:^ specifies the drive to be JOINed to a directory on another drive. d:\directory^ specifies the directory that the previous drive will be JOINed to. /D^ disconnects a previous JOIN. JOIN entered with no parameters will display the drives and directories that are currently JOINed. EXAMPLE: JOIN A: C:\WORKAREA^ joins drive A: to the directory C:\WORKAREA. KEYBxx COMMAND NAME:^ KEYBxx DESCRIPTION:^ Replaces the current keyboard program with a program which will support a foreign language keyboard. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ KEYBxx xx^ can be any one of the following: UK - United Kingdom^ GR - Germany^ FR - France^ IT - Italy^ SP - Spain^ After loading a keyboard driver, you may change from the KEYBxx program to the US program by pressing CTRL-ALT-F1^. You may switch back to the KEYBxx program by pressing CTRL-ALT-F2^. You can automatically load a foreign keyboard driver by using a diskette created using the SELECT^ command. EXAMPLE: KEYBFR^ loads the driver necessary to support a French keyboard. LABEL COMMAND NAME:^ LABEL DESCRIPTION:^ Creates, modifies, or deletes a diskette's volume label. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ LABEL [d:][volume label] d:^ specifies the drive which contains the diskette to be labeled. volume label^ specifies the label to be written on the disk. A volume label can be up to 11 characters long. If you do not specify a volume label when using the LABEL command you will be prompted for one. EXAMPLE: LABEL C:MYDISK^ will place the label MYDISK on drive C:. LASTDRIVE COMMAND NAME:^ LASTDRIVE DESCRIPTION:^ Specifies the maximum number of drives accessible by DOS. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ LASTDRIVE = x x^ can be any letter from A through Z. The letter that you enter will represent the last drive available in the system. If you enter a letter which is less than the total number of drives on your system, the LASTDRIVE command will be ignored. EXAMPLE: LASTDRIVE = C^ sets the last drive in the system as drive C:. NOTE:^ This command must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and is not a normal DOS command. MKDIR COMMAND NAME:^ MKDIR DESCRIPTION:^ Creates a sub- directory. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ MKDIR [d:]path or^ MD [d:]path d: path^ specifies the drive and path where the subdirectory will be located. Path must be 63 characters long or less. EXAMPLE: MKDIR \DOS^ or^ MD \DOS^ creates the subdirectory DOS directly under the root directory. MODE COMMAND NAME:^ MODE DESCRIPTION:^ Sets the mode of operation for a printer, asynchronous adapter, or graphics monitor. It also can redirect parallel printer output to the asynchronous adapter. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ MODE LPT#[:][n][,[m][,P]] or^ MODE n or^ MODE [n] ,m [,T] or^ MODE COMn[:]baud[,[parity][,[databits] [,[stopbits][,P]]]] or^ MODE LPT#[:] = COMn: EXAMPLE # 1 - Printer^ MODE LPT#[:][n][,[m[,P]] LPT#^ represents the printer number n^ specifies either 80 or 132 characters per line m^ specifies 6 or 8 lines per inch P^ tells your computer to continue trying to print when time-out errors occur EXAMPLE: MODE LPT1:80,8^ sets line printer number 1 to 80 characters per line and 8 lines per inch. EXAMPLE # 2 - Monitor^ MODE n or^ MODE [n],m[,T] n^ is one of the following options describing the monitor attached. 40^ specifies a screen width of 40 characters (Color graphics adapter only) 80^ specifies a screen width of 80 characters (Color graphics adapter only) BW40^ disables the color on a color monitor and sets the screen width to 40 characters BW80^ disables the color on a color monitor and sets the screen width to 80 characters CO40^ enables the color on a color monitor and sets the screen width to 40 characters CO80^ enables the color on a color monitor and sets the screen width to 80 characters MONO^ selects the monochrome monitor to be the active monitor m^ shifts the display left or right. L for left and R for right. T^ displays a test pattern to help align the screen when shifting it left or right. EXAMPLE: MODE CO80^ selects the color monitor, enables color, and sets the monitor to 80 characters per line. EXAMPLE #3 - Asynchronous Adapter^ (Serial Port)^ MODE COMn[:]baud[,parity[,databits [,stopbits[,P]]]] COMn^ is the asynchronous adapter to select. The acceptable values are 1 or 2. baud^ selects the speed that the asynchronous adapter will operate at. The acceptable values are: 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, and 9600. You may abbreviate the baud rate by using the first two digits. parity^ can be N (none), O (odd), or E (even). databits^ can be either 7 or 8. stopbits^ can be either 1 or 2. P^ indicates that the asynchronous adapter will be connected to a printer. EXAMPLE: MODE COM1:96,N,8,1,P^ selects asynchronous port #1 and sets it for 9600 baud, no parity, 8 databits, 1 stopbit, and sets it to be used with a printer. EXAMPLE #4 - Redirecting Parallel^ Printer Output to an Asynchronous^ Adapter.^ MODE LPT#[:] = COMn LPT#^ is the parallel port number to be redirected. COMn^ is the asynchronous adapter that the output will be redirected to. EXAMPLE: MODE LPT1: = COM1^ redirects output from LPT1 to COM1. Any future attempts to print to LPT1 will be automatically routed to COM1. NOTE:^ You must initialize the asynchronous adapter (using example 3) before redirecting output. MORE COMMAND NAME:^ MORE DESCRIPTION:^ Filters input and displays it one screen at a time. The message 'MORE' will appear if more data is available. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ MORE This filter is usually used in conjunction with the | (pipe). The pipe is used to send the output from a command and send it to another to be processed. EXAMPLE: DIR | MORE^ The output from DIR will be piped to MORE and will be displayed one screen at a time. PATH COMMAND NAME:^ PATH DESCRIPTION:^ Sets the path of directories that DOS will search when a command is not found in the current directory. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ PATH [[d:]path[[;[d:] path]...]]] d: path; d: path;...^ define the paths that DOS will search for commands and programs. PATH will only find files that can be executed, such as .COM, .EXE, and .BAT. EXAMPLE: PATH C:\DOS;C:\BASIC^ After the above command has been entered, assume we enter the command TREE. DOS will first search the current directory. If it doesn't find the command in the current directory, it will search the directory C:\DOS. If TREE is found in the C:\DOS directory then it will be executed. If it is not found, then the search will be continued until the command TREE is found or until all directories have been searched. PAUSE COMMAND NAME:^ PAUSE DESCRIPTION:^ Suspends execution of a batch file until a key is pressed. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ PAUSE [comment] comment^ is an optional comment that may be entered. It will be displayed when PAUSE is executed. EXAMPLE: PAUSE Make sure that your printer is on.^ When this PAUSE command is executed, the following message will appear. Make sure that your printer is on.^ Strike a key when ready...^ The message Strike a key when ready^ is automatically displayed whenever the PAUSE command is used. PRINT COMMAND NAME:^ PRINT DESCRIPTION:^ Prints text (ASCII) files in the background mode. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ PRINT [/D: device] [/B:buffersize] [/U:busytick] [/M:maxtick] [/S:timeslice] [/Q:quesize][/C][/T][/P] [[d:] [path][filename]...] /D:device^ specifies the device to PRINT to. /B:buffersize^ specifies the size of the buffer (in bytes). /U:busytick^ specifies the number of clockticks that PRINT will wait while the print device is busy or unavailable. /M:maxtick^ specifies the number of ticks that PRINT can have to print to the print device. Values from 1 to 255 will be accepted. /S:timeslice^ specifies the time-slice value. Values from 1 to 255 will be accepted. /Q:quesize^ specifies the number of PRINT files that may be in the queue. Values from 1 to 32 are acceptable. /C^ selects the cancel mode. /T^ terminates the entire PRINT procedure. All files currently being PRINTed will be cancelled. /P^ sets the print mode. The preced- ing filename and any files following /P will be added to the PRINT queue. d: path filename...^ is a list of files to PRINT. EXAMPLE: PRINT TEST.* /C^ will cancel all files with a filename of test from the print queue. EXAMPLE: PRINT TEST.DOC /C T.DOC /P^ cancels TEST.DOC and adds T.DOC to the print queue. PROMPT COMMAND NAME:^ PROMPT DESCRIPTION:^ Changes the DOS prompt. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ PROMPT [prompt-text] prompt-text^ may be a text message or one of several special characters. The special characters are listed below along with the prompt that they will display. $t - system time^ $d - system date^ $p - current directory^ $v - version number^ $n - default drive letter^ $g - >^ $l - <^ $b - |^ $q - =^ $h - BACKSPACE^ $e - ESCAPE^ $_ - perform a carriage return and^ line feed^ EXAMPLE: PROMPT TEST^ will set the DOS prompt line to TEST. EXAMPLE: PROMPT $p$g^ will cause the prompt line to display the current directory and the >^ character. RECOVER COMMAND NAME:^ RECOVER DESCRIPTION:^ Recovers a file or complete disk that contains bad sectors. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ RECOVER [d:][path]filename or^ RECOVER d: d: path filename^ specifies the drive, path, and filename of the file or files that you wish to recover. The second format, RECOVER d:^ will recover all files on a disk. Individually recovered files will simply be written over the old file (without the defective sectors). NOTE:^ When you recover an entire disk, all files will be renamed and the files which have been recovered will be named in the following manner. FILEnnnn.REC^ nnnn^ is a sequential number starting at 001. EXAMPLE: RECOVER A:^ recovers all files on drive A: renaming them with the FILEnnnn.REC naming convention. REM COMMAND NAME:^ REM DESCRIPTION:^ Displays a remark during the execution of a batch file. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ REM [comment] A comment^ is generally used in a batch file to display messages during execution. EXAMPLE: REM This is a test!^ will display the message: REM This is a test!^ REN[AME] COMMAND NAME:^ REN[AME] DESCRIPTION:^ Renames a file (or group of files). REN is the abbreviated form of RENAME. REN and RENAME are the same command. Wildcard characters ? and * are allowed in the filenames. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ REN[AME] [d:][path] filename filename d: path filename^ specifies the file(s) to be RENAMEd. The second filename^ is the new name for the file(s). EXAMPLE: REN TEST TEST1.DAT^ changes the name of the file TEST to TEST1.DAT. REPLACE COMMAND NAME:^ REPLACE DESCRIPTION:^ Replaces files on a disk or adds files to a disk. REPLACE is very similar to COPY, but several additional options are available with REPLACE. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.2 and up USE:^ REPLACE [d:][path]filename [d:][path][/A][/P][/R][/S][/W] d: path filename^ specifies the filenames on the source disk that will replace the files on the destination disk. d: path^ specifies the destination drive and directory of the files that are to be replaced. /A^ causes REPLACE to copy only the files that do not already exist on the destination disk. /P^ causes REPLACE to ask you whether or not you want to replace each file. You will be prompted as each file is copied. /R^ causes REPLACE to replace the read only files. /S^ causes REPLACE to search all subdirectories on the destination disk for matching files. Matching files found in any subdirectory will be REPLACEd. /S and /A can not be used together. /W^ causes REPLACE to wait for you to insert a disk. EXAMPLE: REPLACE TEST.DAT C:\ /S^ REPLACE will replace any copy of the file TEST.DAT in any and all directories on drive C: with the copy on drive A: (the default drive). RESTORE COMMAND NAME:^ RESTORE DESCRIPTION:^ Restores backed up files from one disk to another. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ RESTORE d: [d:][path] filename [/S][/P] d:^ specifies the drive that contains the backed up files (files created using the BACKUP command). d: path filename^ specifies the names of the files that you want to restore and where you want to put them. /S^ restores the files in all sub- directories. If /S is not specified, only the current directory is restored. /P^ causes RESTORE to prompt you before restoring files that have changed since they were backed up. /P will also cause RESTORE to prompt you before it restores a read-only file. EXAMPLE: RESTORE A: C:\*.* /S^ will restore all files on drive A: (which had previously been backed up using BACKUP) to drive C:. All subdirectories will be restored. RMDIR COMMAND NAME:^ RMDIR DESCRIPTION:^ Removes a sub- directory. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ RMDIR [d:]path or^ RD [d:]path d: path^ specifies the subdirectory to remove. The subdirectory to be removed must be empty or RMDIR will not be allowed. EXAMPLE: RD C:\DOS^ removes the subdirectory \DOS from drive C:. SELECT COMMAND NAME:^ SELECT DESCRIPTION:^ Installs DOS on a new disk. Also installs the keyboard and country codes. CAUTION!!!^ This command formats the disk. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ SELECT [[A:| B:] D:[path]] xxx yy [A:| B:]^ specifies either drive A or drive B as the source drive. The only valid choices are A or B. If you do not specify a source drive, drive A will be used. The source drive should contain a DOS diskette. D: path^ selects the drive and path that the DOS files will be copied to. If no drive is specified, drive B will be used. If no path is specified, the files will be copied to the root directory. xxx^ specifies the country code. Country code tells DOS two things. It tells DOS which date and time format to use and it tells DOS which currency symbol to use. yy^ selects the keyboard code. The following table shows the available country and keyboard codes. COUNTRY KEYBOARD^ CODE CODE^ AUSTRALIA 061 *^ BELGIUM 032 *^ CANADA/FRENCH 002 *^ DENMARK 045 *^ FINLAND 358 *^ FRANCE 033 FR^ GERMANY 049 GR^ ITALY 039 IT^ ISRAEL 972 *^ MIDDLE EAST 785 *^ NETHERLANDS 031 *^ NORWAY 047 *^ PORTUGAL 351 *^ SPAIN 034 SP^ SWEDEN 046 *^ SWITZERLAND 041 *^ U. KINGDOM 044 UK^ USA 001 US^ *^ The keyboard routine may be supplied on a separate diskette, or you may choose any keyboard routine by using the KEYBxx command. EXAMPLE: SELECT A: C:\ 034 SP^ performs the SELECT command using drive A: as the source drive and drive C: as the destination drive. It also selects COUNTRY code 034 (Spain) and KEYBOARD code SP (Spanish). SET COMMAND NAME:^ SET DESCRIPTION:^ Sets the command processor's environment or displays the current settings. Application programs and commands may inspect the environment string. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ SET [name=[parameter]] If you enter SET with no parameters, the current settings will be displayed. If you enter SET and name with no parameter, then the current setting for name will be deleted from the current environment. EXAMPLE: SET look_in=C:\datadir^ after this command has been executed, an application program could examine the environment string and determine that look_in has been set equal to C:\datadir. This information might be used by the application program to locate files that it needed. SHARE COMMAND NAME:^ SHARE DESCRIPTION:^ Loads extra support for file sharing. This command is used primarily by network applications. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ SHARE [/F: filespace] [/L: locks] /F: filespace^ allocates file space in bytes for the area used to record information necessary for file sharing. /L: locks^ allocates space for the number of locks that you want. EXAMPLE: SHARE^ loads file sharing support. The default values of 2048 bytes for filespace (/F: filespace) and 20 locks (/L: locks) will be used. SHELL COMMAND NAME:^ SHELL DESCRIPTION:^ Allows another command processor to be used in place of COMMAND.COM. COMMAND TYPE:^ System Configuration VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ SHELL = [d:][path] filename [parm1][parm2] d: path filename^ specifies the file that will be loaded in place of COMMAND.COM. NOTE:^ This command must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and is not a normal DOS command. SHIFT COMMAND NAME:^ SHIFT DESCRIPTION:^ Allows use of more than 10 replaceable parameters within a batch file. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal (batch) VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ SHIFT When more than one replaceable parameter is used, SHIFT will shift the parameter list one position to the left. EXAMPLE:^ Assume that there is a batch file called COPYFILE.BAT that copies files from one drive to another. Also assume that it uses 4 replaceable parameters, %0, %1, %2, and %3. If you invoke COPYFILE.BAT using the replaceable parameters: COPYFILE *.DAT *.EXE *.COM *.BAT^ then %0 equals *.DAT^, %1 equals^ *.EXE^, %2 equals *.COM^, and %3^ equals *.BAT^. After a SHIFT command is issued, the list of parameters will shift one to the left and, %0 will^ equal *.EXE^, %1 will equal *.COM^, and %2 will equal *.BAT^. SORT COMMAND NAME:^ SORT DESCRIPTION:^ Reads data from a device, sorts it and writes it. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ SORT [/R][/+n] /R^ causes SORT to sort in reverse order. For example, Z comes before A and 9 comes before 1. /+n^ causes SORT to sort starting with column n. This command is usually used in conjunction with a pipe ( | ) or with file redirection ( < or > ). EXAMPLE: DIR | SORT /+10^ will read a directory, sort the directory using column 10 (the filename extension) to sort by, and then display the directory. EXAMPLE:^ SORT < UNSORTED > SORTED^ will read the file UNSORTED, sort it and write the results to the file SORTED. SUBST COMMAND NAME:^ SUBST DESCRIPTION:^ Allows you to refer to a drive and path specifier with a different name that you choose. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.1 and up USE:^ SUBST d: d:path or^ SUBST d: /D or^ SUBST d:^ specifies the drive letter that you will use as a substitute for a particular drive and path. d:path^ specifies the drive letter and path that you will refer to with a nickname. /D^ deletes a substitution. You must also specify the drive letter of the drive whose substitution you want to delete. EXAMPLE: SUBST J: C:\DOS^ will allow you to treat the directory C:\DOS as a drive. After executing this SUBST command, DIR J: and DIR C:\DOS would net identical results. EXAMPLE: SUBST J: /D^ will delete the substitution created in the previous example. SUBST entered with no parameters will display all current substitutions. NOTE:^ The first drive letter specified (d:) cannot be the default drive. SYS COMMAND NAME:^ SYS DESCRIPTION:^ Transfers the operat- ing system to another disk. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ SYS d: d:^ specifies the drive that you wish to transfer the system files to. IBMBIO.COM^ and IBMDOS.COM^ are the two invisible files that are copied by the SYS command. DOS expects IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM to be the first two files in the directory. If you get an error using the SYS command it is probably because one or both of the first two positions are already occupied. EXAMPLE: SYS C:^ transfers the system files (IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM) to drive C. TIME COMMAND NAME:^ TIME DESCRIPTION:^ Displays and sets the system time. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ TIME [hh:mm[:ss[.xx]]] hh^ specifies the hours using military time format (0 to 23). mm^ specifies minutes. Numbers from 0 to 59 will be accepted for minutes. ss^ specifies seconds. Numbers from 0 to 59 will be accepted for seconds. xx^ specifies hundredths of a second. Numbers from 0 to 99 will be accepted for hundredths of a second. TIME entered with no parameters will display the current time and give you the option to either change the time or leave it as it is. EXAMPLE: TIME 12:20:15.90^ sets the time for 12 hours, 20 minutes, 15 seconds, and 90 hundredths of a second. TREE COMMAND NAME:^ TREE DESCRIPTION:^ Displays all director- ies and subdirectories on a particular diskette. It can also list all files in each directory and subdirectory. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ TREE [d:][/F] d:^ is the drive whose directory paths will be listed. /F^ causes TREE to list the individual files in each directory as well as the paths. EXAMPLE: TREE C: /F^ displays the directory paths of drive C and also lists all files in each directory. TYPE COMMAND NAME:^ TYPE DESCRIPTION:^ Lists the contents of a file to the display. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ TYPE [d:][path]filename d: path filename^ specifies the drive, path, and filename of the file to be TYPEd. If the file that you TYPE is not readable, it probably is not a text or ASCII file. EXAMPLE: TYPE TEST.TXT^ displays the file TEST.TXT on the screen. By modifying the command to TYPE TEST.TXT > PRN, the file will be sent to the printer. VDISK.SYS COMMAND NAME:^ VDISK.SYS DESCRIPTION:^ VDISK sets up a virtual disk. Virtual disks actually make your computers memory act like a disk drive. As a result, a virtual disk will be much faster than an actual disk drive. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.0 and up USE:^ DEVICE=VDISK.SYS[comment][bbb] [comment][sss][comment][ddd] [/E[:m]] comment^ is a message containing normal text characters. bbb^ is the size of the virtual disk in Kbytes. Values between 1K and the memory available in your machine will be accepted. sss^ is the sector size in bytes. 128, 256, and 512 are the sizes that will be accepted. A smaller sector size will utilize space much better, but a larger sector will improve performance. ddd^ is the number of files that the virtual disk can hold. Values between 2 and 512 are accepted. /E^ will force VDISK to use the extended memory (memory above 1 megabyte). :m^ is the maximum number of sectors of data that VDISK will transfer at a time. The possible numbers for :m are 1 through 8. EXAMPLE: DEVICE=VDISK.SYS 200 256 64^ sets up a virtual disk with 200K storage space, 256 bytes per sector, and 64 directory entries. NOTE:^ The VDISK.SYS device driver must be placed in the CONFIG.SYS file and be used in conjunction with the DEVICE = DRIVER command. VER COMMAND NAME:^ VER DESCRIPTION:^ Displays the version of DOS that you are currently using. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ VER EXAMPLE: VER^ displays the version of DOS that you are currently using. VERIFY COMMAND NAME:^ VERIFY DESCRIPTION:^ Turns VERIFY on or off. Verify ensures that data is recorded correctly. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ VERIFY [ON|OFF] ON | OFF^ will turn VERIFY ON or OFF. When VERIFY is ON, DOS will check to see if data written was written correctly. EXAMPLE: VERIFY ON^ sets VERIFY to ON. VERIFY entered with no parameters will display the current setting of VERIFY. VOL COMMAND NAME:^ VOL DESCRIPTION:^ Displays the VOLUME LABEL of the specified diskette. COMMAND TYPE:^ Internal VERSION:^ 2.0 and up USE:^ VOL [d:] d:^ is the drive whose VOLume label will be displayed. EXAMPLE: VOL^ displays the VOLume label of the current drive. XCOPY COMMAND NAME:^ XCOPY DESCRIPTION:^ Copies groups of files. Subdirectories can be included. COMMAND TYPE:^ External VERSION:^ 3.2 and up USE:^ XCOPY [d:][path] filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D][/E] [/M][/P][/S][/V][/W] or^ XCOPY [d:] path [filename] [d:][path] [filename] [/A][/D][/E] [/M][/P][/S][/V][/W] or^ XCOPY d:[path] [filename] [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D][/E] [/M][/P][/S][/V][/W] The first d: path filename^ specifies the source drive, path, and filename. The second d: path filename^ specifies the destination drive, path, and filename. /A^ copies only those files that have been modified since the last BACKUP /M or XCOPY /M. /D^ copies files whose date is equal to or later than the date specified. If you wish to specify a date, the format is /D:mm-dd-yy or whatever date format you may have selected using the COUNTRY or SELECT commands. /E^ causes XCOPY to create sub- directories on the destination drive as it copies. /M^ copies only those files that have been modified since the last BACKUP /M or XCOPY /M. The /M option is identical to the /A option except XCOPY /M will reset the flags on those files that have been modified since the last backup. /P^ causes XCOPY to prompt you before copying each file. /S^ causes XCOPY to copy files in any subdirectories below the directory that XCOPY starts in. /V^ causes XCOPY to VERIFY that the data recorded was recorded correctly. /W^ causes XCOPY to wait for you to insert a disk before beginning. EXAMPLE: XCOPY C:\ D:\ /S^ will copy all files in all directories from drive C: to drive D:.